Ganhadores do Prêmio Nobel

Ano	Categoria	Laureados
2024	The Nobel Prize in Physics	John J. Hopfield (50%): for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks Geoffrey Hinton (50%): for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks
2024	The Nobel Peace Prize	Nihon Hidankyo (100%): for its efforts to achieve a world free of nuclear weapons and for demonstrating through witness testimony that nuclear weapons must never be used again
2024	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Han Kang (100%): for her intense poetic prose that confronts historical traumas and exposes the fragility of human life
2024	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Daron Acemoglu (33%): for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity Simon Johnson (33%): for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity James A. Robinson (33%): for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity
2024	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	David Baker (50%): for computational protein design Demis Hassabis (25%): for protein structure prediction John Jumper (25%): for protein structure prediction
2023	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Katalin Karikó (50%): for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 Drew Weissman (50%): for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19
2023	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Pierre Agostini (33%): for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter Ferenc Krausz (33%): for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter Anne L’Huillier (33%): for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter
2023	The Nobel Peace Prize	Narges Mohammadi (100%): for her fight against the oppression of women in Iran and her fight to promote human rights and freedom for all
2023	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Jon Fosse (100%): for his innovative plays and prose which give voice to the unsayable
2023	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Claudia Goldin (100%): for having advanced our understanding of women’s labour market outcomes
2023	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Moungi Bawendi (33%): for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots Louis Brus (33%): for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots Aleksey Yekimov (33%): for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots
2022	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Svante Pääbo (100%): for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution
2022	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Alain Aspect (33%): for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science John Clauser (33%): for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science Anton Zeilinger (33%): for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science
2022	The Nobel Peace Prize	Ales Bialiatski (33%): The Peace Prize laureates represent civil society in their home countries. They have for many years promoted the right to criticise power and protect the fundamental rights of citizens. They have made an outstanding effort to document war crimes, human right abuses and the abuse of power. Together they demonstrate the significance of civil society for peace and democracy. Memorial (33%): The Peace Prize laureates represent civil society in their home countries. They have for many years promoted the right to criticise power and protect the fundamental rights of citizens. They have made an outstanding effort to document war crimes, human right abuses and the abuse of power. Together they demonstrate the significance of civil society for peace and democracy. Center for Civil Liberties (33%): The Peace Prize laureates represent civil society in their home countries. They have for many years promoted the right to criticise power and protect the fundamental rights of citizens. They have made an outstanding effort to document war crimes, human right abuses and the abuse of power. Together they demonstrate the significance of civil society for peace and democracy.
2022	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Annie Ernaux (100%): for the courage and clinical acuity with which she uncovers the roots, estrangements and collective restraints of personal memory
2022	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Ben Bernanke (33%): for research on banks and financial crises Douglas Diamond (33%): for research on banks and financial crises Philip Dybvig (33%): for research on banks and financial crises
2022	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Carolyn Bertozzi (33%): for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry Morten Meldal (33%): for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry K. Barry Sharpless (33%): for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry
2021	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	David Julius (50%): for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch Ardem Patapoutian (50%): for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch
2021	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Syukuro Manabe (25%): for the physical modelling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming Klaus Hasselmann (25%): for the physical modelling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming Giorgio Parisi (50%): for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales
2021	The Nobel Peace Prize	Maria Ressa (50%): for their efforts to safeguard freedom of expression, which is a precondition for democracy and lasting peace Dmitry Muratov (50%): for their efforts to safeguard freedom of expression, which is a precondition for democracy and lasting peace
2021	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Abdulrazak Gurnah (100%): for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents
2021	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	David Card (50%): for his empirical contributions to labour economics Joshua D. Angrist (25%): for their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships Guido W. Imbens (25%): for their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships
2021	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Benjamin List (50%): for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis David W.C. MacMillan (50%): for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis
2020	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Harvey J. Alter (33%): for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus Michael Houghton (33%): for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus Charles M. Rice (33%): for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus
2020	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Roger Penrose (50%): for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity Reinhard Genzel (25%): for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy Andrea Ghez (25%): for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy
2020	The Nobel Peace Prize	World Food Programme (100%): for its efforts to combat hunger, for its contribution to bettering conditions for peace in conflict-affected areas and for acting as a driving force in efforts to prevent the use of hunger as a weapon of war and conflict
2020	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Louise Glück (100%): for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal
2020	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Paul R. Milgrom (50%): for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats Robert B. Wilson (50%): for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats
2020	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Emmanuelle Charpentier (50%): for the development of a method for genome editing Jennifer A. Doudna (50%): for the development of a method for genome editing
2019	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	William G. Kaelin Jr (33%): for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe (33%): for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability Gregg L. Semenza (33%): for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability
2019	The Nobel Prize in Physics	James Peebles (50%): for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology Michel Mayor (25%): for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star Didier Queloz (25%): for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star
2019	The Nobel Peace Prize	Abiy Ahmed Ali (100%): for his efforts to achieve peace and international cooperation, and in particular for his decisive initiative to resolve the border conflict with neighbouring Eritrea
2019	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Peter Handke (100%): for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience
2019	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Abhijit Banerjee (33%): for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty Esther Duflo (33%): for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty Michael Kremer (33%): for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty
2019	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	John B. Goodenough (33%): for the development of lithium-ion batteries M. Stanley Whittingham (33%): for the development of lithium-ion batteries Akira Yoshino (33%): for the development of lithium-ion batteries
2018	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	James P. Allison (50%): for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation Tasuku Honjo (50%): for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation
2018	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Arthur Ashkin (50%): for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems Gérard Mourou (25%): for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses Donna Strickland (25%): for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses
2018	The Nobel Peace Prize	Denis Mukwege (50%): for their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict Nadia Murad (50%): for their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict
2018	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Olga Tokarczuk (100%): for a narrative imagination that with encyclopedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life
2018	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	William D. Nordhaus (50%): for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis Paul M. Romer (50%): for integrating technological innovations into long-run macroeconomic analysis
2018	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Frances H. Arnold (50%): for the directed evolution of enzymes George P. Smith (25%): for the phage display of peptides and antibodies Sir Gregory P. Winter (25%): for the phage display of peptides and antibodies
2017	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Jeffrey C. Hall (33%): for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm Michael Rosbash (33%): for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm Michael W. Young (33%): for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm
2017	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Rainer Weiss (50%): for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves Barry C. Barish (25%): for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves Kip S. Thorne (25%): for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves
2017	The Nobel Peace Prize	International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (100%): for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition of such weapons
2017	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Kazuo Ishiguro (100%): who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world
2017	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Richard H. Thaler (100%): for his contributions to behavioural economics
2017	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Jacques Dubochet (33%): for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution Joachim Frank (33%): for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution Richard Henderson (33%): for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution
2016	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Yoshinori Ohsumi (100%): for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy
2016	The Nobel Prize in Physics	David J. Thouless (50%): for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter F. Duncan M. Haldane (25%): for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter J. Michael Kosterlitz (25%): for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter
2016	The Nobel Peace Prize	Juan Manuel Santos (100%): for his resolute efforts to bring the country's more than 50-year-long civil war to an end
2016	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Bob Dylan (100%): for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition
2016	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Oliver Hart (50%): for their contributions to contract theory Bengt Holmström (50%): for their contributions to contract theory
2016	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Jean-Pierre Sauvage (33%): for the design and synthesis of molecular machines Sir J. Fraser Stoddart (33%): for the design and synthesis of molecular machines Bernard L. Feringa (33%): for the design and synthesis of molecular machines
2015	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	William C. Campbell (25%): for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites Satoshi Ōmura (25%): for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites Tu Youyou (50%): for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria
2015	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Takaaki Kajita (50%): for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass Arthur B. McDonald (50%): for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass
2015	The Nobel Peace Prize	National Dialogue Quartet (100%): for its decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in Tunisia in the wake of the Jasmine Revolution of 2011
2015	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Svetlana Alexievich (100%): for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time
2015	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Angus Deaton (100%): for his analysis of consumption, poverty, and welfare
2015	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Tomas Lindahl (33%): for mechanistic studies of DNA repair Paul Modrich (33%): for mechanistic studies of DNA repair Aziz Sancar (33%): for mechanistic studies of DNA repair
2014	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	John O'Keefe (50%): for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain May-Britt Moser (25%): for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain Edvard I. Moser (25%): for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain
2014	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Isamu Akasaki (33%): for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources Hiroshi Amano (33%): for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources Shuji Nakamura (33%): for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources
2014	The Nobel Peace Prize	Kailash Satyarthi (50%): for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education Malala Yousafzai (50%): for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education
2014	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Patrick Modiano (100%): for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation
2014	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Jean Tirole (100%): for his analysis of market power and regulation
2014	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Eric Betzig (33%): for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy Stefan W. Hell (33%): for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy William E. Moerner (33%): for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy
2013	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	James E. Rothman (33%): for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells Randy W. Schekman (33%): for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells Thomas C. Südhof (33%): for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells
2013	The Nobel Prize in Physics	François Englert (50%): for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider Peter Higgs (50%): for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider
2013	The Nobel Peace Prize	Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (100%): for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons
2013	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Alice Munro (100%): master of the contemporary short story
2013	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Eugene F. Fama (33%): for their empirical analysis of asset prices Lars Peter Hansen (33%): for their empirical analysis of asset prices Robert J. Shiller (33%): for their empirical analysis of asset prices
2013	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Martin Karplus (33%): for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems Michael Levitt (33%): for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems Arieh Warshel (33%): for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems
2012	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Sir John B. Gurdon (50%): for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent Shinya Yamanaka (50%): for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent
2012	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Serge Haroche (50%): for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems David J. Wineland (50%): for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems
2012	The Nobel Peace Prize	European Union (100%): for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe
2012	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Mo Yan (100%): who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary
2012	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Alvin E. Roth (50%): for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design Lloyd S. Shapley (50%): for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design
2012	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Robert J. Lefkowitz (50%): for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors Brian Kobilka (50%): for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors
2011	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Bruce A. Beutler (25%): for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity Jules A. Hoffmann (25%): for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity Ralph M. Steinman (50%): for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity
2011	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Saul Perlmutter (50%): for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae Brian P. Schmidt (25%): for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae Adam G. Riess (25%): for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae
2011	The Nobel Peace Prize	Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (33%): for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work Leymah Gbowee (33%): for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work Tawakkol Karman (33%): for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work
2011	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Tomas Tranströmer (100%): because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality
2011	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Thomas J. Sargent (50%): for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy Christopher A. Sims (50%): for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy
2011	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Dan Shechtman (100%): for the discovery of quasicrystals
2010	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Robert G. Edwards (100%): for the development of in vitro fertilization
2010	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Andre Geim (50%): for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene Konstantin Novoselov (50%): for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene
2010	The Nobel Peace Prize	Liu Xiaobo (100%): for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China
2010	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Mario Vargas Llosa (100%): for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat
2010	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Peter A. Diamond (33%): for their analysis of markets with search frictions Dale T. Mortensen (33%): for their analysis of markets with search frictions Christopher A. Pissarides (33%): for their analysis of markets with search frictions
2010	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Richard F. Heck (33%): for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis Ei-ichi Negishi (33%): for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis Akira Suzuki (33%): for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis
2009	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Elizabeth H. Blackburn (33%): for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase Carol W. Greider (33%): for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase Jack W. Szostak (33%): for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase
2009	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Charles K. Kao (50%): for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication Willard S. Boyle (25%): for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit - the CCD sensor George E. Smith (25%): for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit - the CCD sensor
2009	The Nobel Peace Prize	Barack H. Obama (100%): for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples
2009	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Herta Müller (100%): who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed
2009	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Elinor Ostrom (50%): for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons Oliver E. Williamson (50%): for his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm
2009	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (33%): for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome Thomas A. Steitz (33%): for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome Ada E. Yonath (33%): for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome
2008	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Harald zur Hausen (50%): for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer Françoise Barré-Sinoussi (25%): for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus Luc Montagnier (25%): for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus
2008	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Yoichiro Nambu (50%): for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics Makoto Kobayashi (25%): for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature Toshihide Maskawa (25%): for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature
2008	The Nobel Peace Prize	Martti Ahtisaari (100%): for his important efforts, on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts
2008	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio (100%): author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization
2008	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Paul Krugman (100%): for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity
2008	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Osamu Shimomura (33%): for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP Martin Chalfie (33%): for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP Roger Y. Tsien (33%): for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP
2007	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Mario R. Capecchi (33%): for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells Sir Martin J. Evans (33%): for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells Oliver Smithies (33%): for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells
2007	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Albert Fert (50%): for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance Peter Grünberg (50%): for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance
2007	The Nobel Peace Prize	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (50%): for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change Al Gore (50%): for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change
2007	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Doris Lessing (100%): that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny
2007	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Leonid Hurwicz (33%): for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory Eric S. Maskin (33%): for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory Roger B. Myerson (33%): for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory
2007	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Gerhard Ertl (100%): for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces
2006	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Andrew Z. Fire (50%): for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA Craig C. Mello (50%): for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA
2006	The Nobel Prize in Physics	John C. Mather (50%): for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation George F. Smoot (50%): for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation
2006	The Nobel Peace Prize	Muhammad Yunus (50%): for their efforts to create economic and social development from below Grameen Bank (50%): for their efforts to create economic and social development from below
2006	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Orhan Pamuk (100%): who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures
2006	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Edmund S. Phelps (100%): for his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy
2006	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Roger D. Kornberg (100%): for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription
2005	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Barry J. Marshall (50%): for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease J. Robin Warren (50%): for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease
2005	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Roy J. Glauber (50%): for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence John L. Hall (25%): for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique Theodor W. Hänsch (25%): for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique
2005	The Nobel Peace Prize	International Atomic Energy Agency (50%): for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way Mohamed ElBaradei (50%): for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way
2005	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Harold Pinter (100%): who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms
2005	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Robert J. Aumann (50%): for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis Thomas C. Schelling (50%): for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis
2005	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Yves Chauvin (33%): for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis Robert H. Grubbs (33%): for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis Richard R. Schrock (33%): for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis
2004	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Richard Axel (50%): for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system Linda B. Buck (50%): for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system
2004	The Nobel Prize in Physics	David J. Gross (33%): for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction H. David Politzer (33%): for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction Frank Wilczek (33%): for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction
2004	The Nobel Peace Prize	Wangari Maathai (100%): for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace
2004	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Elfriede Jelinek (100%): for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power
2004	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Finn E. Kydland (50%): for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles Edward C. Prescott (50%): for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles
2004	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Aaron Ciechanover (33%): for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation Avram Hershko (33%): for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation Irwin Rose (33%): for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation
2003	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Paul C. Lauterbur (50%): for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging Sir Peter Mansfield (50%): for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging
2003	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Alexei Abrikosov (33%): for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids Vitaly L. Ginzburg (33%): for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids Anthony J. Leggett (33%): for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids
2003	The Nobel Peace Prize	Shirin Ebadi (100%): for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children
2003	The Nobel Prize in Literature	J. M. Coetzee (100%): who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider
2003	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Robert F. Engle III (50%): for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH) Clive W.J. Granger (50%): for methods of analyzing economic time series with common trends (cointegration)
2003	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Peter Agre (50%): for the discovery of water channels Roderick MacKinnon (50%): for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels
2002	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Sydney Brenner (33%): for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death H. Robert Horvitz (33%): for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death John E. Sulston (33%): for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death
2002	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Raymond Davis Jr. (25%): for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos Masatoshi Koshiba (25%): for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos Riccardo Giacconi (50%): for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources
2002	The Nobel Peace Prize	Jimmy Carter (100%): for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development
2002	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Imre Kertész (100%): for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history
2002	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Daniel Kahneman (50%): for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty Vernon L. Smith (50%): for having established laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms
2002	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	John B. Fenn (25%): for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules Koichi Tanaka (25%): for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules Kurt Wüthrich (50%): for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution
2001	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Leland Hartwell (33%): for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle Tim Hunt (33%): for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle Sir Paul Nurse (33%): for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle
2001	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Eric Cornell (33%): for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates Wolfgang Ketterle (33%): for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates Carl Wieman (33%): for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates
2001	The Nobel Peace Prize	United Nations (50%): for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world Kofi Annan (50%): for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world
2001	The Nobel Prize in Literature	V. S. Naipaul (100%): for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories
2001	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	George A. Akerlof (33%): for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information A. Michael Spence (33%): for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information Joseph E. Stiglitz (33%): for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information
2001	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	William Knowles (25%): for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions Ryoji Noyori (25%): for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions K. Barry Sharpless (50%): for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions
2000	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Arvid Carlsson (33%): for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system Paul Greengard (33%): for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system Eric Kandel (33%): for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system
2000	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Zhores Alferov (25%): for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics Herbert Kroemer (25%): for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics Jack Kilby (50%): for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit
2000	The Nobel Peace Prize	Kim Dae-jung (100%): for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular
2000	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Gao Xingjian (100%): for an œuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama
2000	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	James J. Heckman (50%): for his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples Daniel L. McFadden (50%): for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice
2000	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Alan Heeger (33%): for the discovery and development of conductive polymers Alan MacDiarmid (33%): for the discovery and development of conductive polymers Hideki Shirakawa (33%): for the discovery and development of conductive polymers
1999	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Günter Blobel (100%): for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell
1999	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Gerardus 't Hooft (50%): for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics Martinus J.G. Veltman (50%): for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics
1999	The Nobel Peace Prize	Doctors Without Borders (100%): in recognition of the organisation's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents
1999	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Günter Grass (100%): whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history
1999	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Robert Mundell (100%): for his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas
1999	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Ahmed Zewail (100%): for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy
1998	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Robert F. Furchgott (33%): for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system Louis J. Ignarro (33%): for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system Ferid Murad (33%): for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system
1998	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Robert B. Laughlin (33%): for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations Horst L. Störmer (33%): for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations Daniel C. Tsui (33%): for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations
1998	The Nobel Peace Prize	John Hume (50%): for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland David Trimble (50%): for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland
1998	The Nobel Prize in Literature	José Saramago (100%): who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality
1998	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Amartya Sen (100%): for his contributions to welfare economics
1998	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Walter Kohn (50%): for his development of the density-functional theory John Pople (50%): for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry
1997	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Stanley B. Prusiner (100%): for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection
1997	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Steven Chu (33%): for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (33%): for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light William D. Phillips (33%): for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light
1997	The Nobel Peace Prize	International Campaign to Ban Landmines (50%): for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines Jody Williams (50%): for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines
1997	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Dario Fo (100%): who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden
1997	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Robert C. Merton (50%): for a new method to determine the value of derivatives Myron Scholes (50%): for a new method to determine the value of derivatives
1997	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Paul D. Boyer (25%): for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) John E. Walker (25%): for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Jens C. Skou (50%): for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase
1996	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Peter C. Doherty (50%): for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence Rolf M. Zinkernagel (50%): for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence
1996	The Nobel Prize in Physics	David M. Lee (33%): for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3 Douglas D. Osheroff (33%): for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3 Robert C. Richardson (33%): for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3
1996	The Nobel Peace Prize	Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo (50%): for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor José Ramos-Horta (50%): for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor
1996	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Wisława Szymborska (100%): for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality
1996	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	James A. Mirrlees (50%): for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information William Vickrey (50%): for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information
1996	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Robert F. Curl Jr. (33%): for their discovery of fullerenes Sir Harold Kroto (33%): for their discovery of fullerenes Richard E. Smalley (33%): for their discovery of fullerenes
1995	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Edward B. Lewis (33%): for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (33%): for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development Eric F. Wieschaus (33%): for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development
1995	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Martin L. Perl (50%): for the discovery of the tau lepton Frederick Reines (50%): for the detection of the neutrino
1995	The Nobel Peace Prize	Joseph Rotblat (50%): for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs (50%): for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms
1995	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Seamus Heaney (100%): for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past
1995	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Robert E. Lucas Jr. (100%): for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy
1995	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Paul J. Crutzen (33%): for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone Mario J. Molina (33%): for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone F. Sherwood Rowland (33%): for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone
1994	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Alfred G. Gilman (50%): for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells Martin Rodbell (50%): for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells
1994	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Bertram N. Brockhouse (50%): for the development of neutron spectroscopy Clifford G. Shull (50%): for the development of the neutron diffraction technique
1994	The Nobel Peace Prize	Yasser Arafat (33%): for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East Shimon Peres (33%): for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East Yitzhak Rabin (33%): for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East
1994	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Kenzaburo Oe (100%): who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today
1994	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	John C. Harsanyi (33%): for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games John F. Nash Jr. (33%): for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games Reinhard Selten (33%): for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games
1994	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	George A. Olah (100%): for his contribution to carbocation chemistry
1993	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Richard J. Roberts (50%): for their discoveries of split genes Phillip A. Sharp (50%): for their discoveries of split genes
1993	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Russell A. Hulse (50%): for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation Joseph H. Taylor Jr. (50%): for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation
1993	The Nobel Peace Prize	Nelson Mandela (50%): for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa F.W. de Klerk (50%): for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa
1993	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Toni Morrison (100%): who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality
1993	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Robert W. Fogel (50%): for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change Douglass C. North (50%): for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change
1993	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Kary B. Mullis (50%): for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method Michael Smith (50%): for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies
1992	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Edmond H. Fischer (50%): for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism Edwin G. Krebs (50%): for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism
1992	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Georges Charpak (100%): for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber
1992	The Nobel Peace Prize	Rigoberta Menchú Tum (100%): for her struggle for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples
1992	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Derek Walcott (100%): for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment
1992	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Gary Becker (100%): for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour
1992	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Rudolph A. Marcus (100%): for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems
1991	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Erwin Neher (50%): for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells Bert Sakmann (50%): for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells
1991	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (100%): for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers
1991	The Nobel Peace Prize	Aung San Suu Kyi (100%): for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights
1991	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Nadine Gordimer (100%): who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity
1991	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Ronald H. Coase (100%): for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy
1991	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Richard R. Ernst (100%): for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
1990	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Joseph E. Murray (50%): for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease E. Donnall Thomas (50%): for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease
1990	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Jerome I. Friedman (33%): for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics Henry W. Kendall (33%): for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics Richard E. Taylor (33%): for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics
1990	The Nobel Peace Prize	Mikhail Gorbachev (100%): for the leading role he played in the radical changes in East-West relations
1990	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Octavio Paz (100%): for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity
1990	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Harry M. Markowitz (33%): for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics Merton H. Miller (33%): for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics William F. Sharpe (33%): for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics
1990	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Elias James Corey (100%): for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis
1989	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	J. Michael Bishop (50%): for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes Harold E. Varmus (50%): for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes
1989	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Norman F. Ramsey (50%): for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks Hans G. Dehmelt (25%): for the development of the ion trap technique Wolfgang Paul (25%): for the development of the ion trap technique
1989	The Nobel Peace Prize	The 14th Dalai Lama (100%): for advocating peaceful solutions based upon tolerance and mutual respect in order to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of his people
1989	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Camilo José Cela (100%): for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability
1989	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Trygve Haavelmo (100%): for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures
1989	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Sidney Altman (50%): for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA Thomas R. Cech (50%): for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA
1988	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Sir James W. Black (33%): for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment Gertrude B. Elion (33%): for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment George H. Hitchings (33%): for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment
1988	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Leon M. Lederman (33%): for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino Melvin Schwartz (33%): for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino Jack Steinberger (33%): for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino
1988	The Nobel Peace Prize	United Nations Peacekeeping Forces (100%): for preventing armed clashes and creating conditions for negotiations
1988	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Naguib Mahfouz (100%): who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind
1988	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Maurice Allais (100%): for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources
1988	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Johann Deisenhofer (33%): for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre Robert Huber (33%): for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre Hartmut Michel (33%): for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre
1987	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Susumu Tonegawa (100%): for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity
1987	The Nobel Prize in Physics	J. Georg Bednorz (50%): for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials K. Alex Müller (50%): for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials
1987	The Nobel Peace Prize	Oscar Arias Sánchez (100%): for his work for lasting peace in Central America
1987	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Joseph Brodsky (100%): for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity
1987	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Robert M. Solow (100%): for his contributions to the theory of economic growth
1987	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Donald J. Cram (33%): for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity Jean-Marie Lehn (33%): for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity Charles J. Pedersen (33%): for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity
1986	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Stanley Cohen (50%): for their discoveries of growth factors Rita Levi-Montalcini (50%): for their discoveries of growth factors
1986	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Ernst Ruska (50%): for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope Gerd Binnig (25%): for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope Heinrich Rohrer (25%): for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope
1986	The Nobel Peace Prize	Elie Wiesel (100%): for being a messenger to mankind: his message is one of peace, atonement and dignity
1986	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Wole Soyinka (100%): who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence
1986	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	James M. Buchanan Jr. (100%): for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making
1986	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Dudley R. Herschbach (33%): for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes Yuan T. Lee (33%): for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes John C. Polanyi (33%): for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes
1985	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Michael S. Brown (50%): for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism Joseph L. Goldstein (50%): for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism
1985	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Klaus von Klitzing (100%): for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect
1985	The Nobel Peace Prize	International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (100%): for spreading authoritative information and by creating awareness of the catastrophic consequences of nuclear war
1985	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Claude Simon (100%): who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition
1985	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Franco Modigliani (100%): for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets
1985	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Herbert A. Hauptman (50%): for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures Jerome Karle (50%): for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures
1984	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Niels K. Jerne (33%): for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies Georges J.F. Köhler (33%): for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies César Milstein (33%): for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies
1984	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Carlo Rubbia (50%): for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction Simon van der Meer (50%): for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction
1984	The Nobel Peace Prize	Desmond Tutu (100%): for his role as a unifying leader figure in the non-violent campaign to resolve the problem of apartheid in South Africa
1984	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Jaroslav Seifert (100%): for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man
1984	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Richard Stone (100%): for having made fundamental contributions to the development of systems of national accounts and hence greatly improved the basis for empirical economic analysis
1984	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Bruce Merrifield (100%): for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix
1983	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Barbara McClintock (100%): for her discovery of mobile genetic elements
1983	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (50%): for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars William A. Fowler (50%): for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe
1983	The Nobel Peace Prize	Lech Wałęsa (100%): for non-violent struggle for free trade unions and human rights in Poland
1983	The Nobel Prize in Literature	William Golding (100%): for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today
1983	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Gerard Debreu (100%): for having incorporated new analytical methods into economic theory and for his rigorous reformulation of the theory of general equilibrium
1983	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Henry Taube (100%): for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes
1982	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Sune K. Bergström (33%): for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances Bengt I. Samuelsson (33%): for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances John R. Vane (33%): for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances
1982	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Kenneth G. Wilson (100%): for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions
1982	The Nobel Peace Prize	Alva Myrdal (50%): for their work for disarmament and nuclear and weapon-free zones Alfonso García Robles (50%): for their work for disarmament and nuclear and weapon-free zones
1982	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Gabriel García Márquez (100%): for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts
1982	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	George J. Stigler (100%): for his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation
1982	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Aaron Klug (100%): for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes
1981	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Roger W. Sperry (50%): for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres David H. Hubel (25%): for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system Torsten N. Wiesel (25%): for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system
1981	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Nicolaas Bloembergen (25%): for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy Arthur L. Schawlow (25%): for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy Kai M. Siegbahn (50%): for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy
1981	The Nobel Peace Prize	Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (100%): for promoting the fundamental rights of refugees
1981	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Elias Canetti (100%): for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power
1981	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	James Tobin (100%): for his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production and prices
1981	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Kenichi Fukui (50%): for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions Roald Hoffmann (50%): for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions
1980	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Baruj Benacerraf (33%): for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions Jean Dausset (33%): for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions George D. Snell (33%): for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions
1980	The Nobel Prize in Physics	James Cronin (50%): for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons Val Fitch (50%): for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons
1980	The Nobel Peace Prize	Adolfo Pérez Esquivel (100%): for being a source of inspiration to repressed people, especially in Latin America
1980	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Czesław Miłosz (100%): who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts
1980	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Lawrence R. Klein (100%): for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies
1980	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Paul Berg (50%): for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA Walter Gilbert (25%): for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids Frederick Sanger (25%): for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids
1979	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Allan M. Cormack (50%): for the development of computer assisted tomography Godfrey N. Hounsfield (50%): for the development of computer assisted tomography
1979	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Sheldon Glashow (33%): for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current Abdus Salam (33%): for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current Steven Weinberg (33%): for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current
1979	The Nobel Peace Prize	Mother Teresa (100%): for her work for bringing help to suffering humanity
1979	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Odysseus Elytis (100%): for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness
1979	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Theodore W. Schultz (50%): for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries Sir Arthur Lewis (50%): for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries
1979	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Herbert C. Brown (50%): for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis Georg Wittig (50%): for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis
1978	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Werner Arber (33%): for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics Daniel Nathans (33%): for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics Hamilton O. Smith (33%): for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics
1978	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Pyotr Kapitsa (50%): for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics Arno Penzias (25%): for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation Robert Woodrow Wilson (25%): for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation
1978	The Nobel Peace Prize	Anwar al-Sadat (50%): for jointly having negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel in 1978 Menachem Begin (50%): for jointly having negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel in 1978
1978	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Isaac Bashevis Singer (100%): for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life
1978	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Herbert Simon (100%): for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations
1978	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Peter Mitchell (100%): for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory
1977	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Roger Guillemin (25%): for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain Andrew V. Schally (25%): for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain Rosalyn Yalow (50%): for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones
1977	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Philip W. Anderson (33%): for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems Sir Nevill F. Mott (33%): for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems John H. Van Vleck (33%): for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems
1977	The Nobel Peace Prize	Amnesty International (100%): for worldwide respect for human rights
1977	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Vicente Aleixandre (100%): for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars
1977	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Bertil Ohlin (50%): for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements James E. Meade (50%): for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements
1977	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Ilya Prigogine (100%): for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures
1976	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Baruch S. Blumberg (50%): for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases D. Carleton Gajdusek (50%): for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases
1976	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Burton Richter (50%): for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind Samuel C.C. Ting (50%): for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind
1976	The Nobel Peace Prize	Betty Williams (50%): for the courageous efforts in founding a movement to put an end to the violent conflict in Northern Ireland Mairead Corrigan (50%): for the courageous efforts in founding a movement to put an end to the violent conflict in Northern Ireland
1976	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Saul Bellow (100%): for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work
1976	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Milton Friedman (100%): for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy
1976	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	William Lipscomb (100%): for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding
1975	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	David Baltimore (33%): for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell Renato Dulbecco (33%): for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell Howard M. Temin (33%): for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell
1975	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Aage N. Bohr (33%): for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection Ben R. Mottelson (33%): for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection James Rainwater (33%): for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection
1975	The Nobel Peace Prize	Andrei Sakharov (100%): for his struggle for human rights in the Soviet Union, for disarmament and cooperation between all nations
1975	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Eugenio Montale (100%): for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions
1975	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich (50%): for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources Tjalling C. Koopmans (50%): for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources
1975	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	John Cornforth (50%): for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions Vladimir Prelog (50%): for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions
1974	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Albert Claude (33%): for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell Christian de Duve (33%): for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell George E. Palade (33%): for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell
1974	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Martin Ryle (50%): for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars Antony Hewish (50%): for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars
1974	The Nobel Peace Prize	Seán MacBride (50%): for his efforts to secure and develop human rights throughout the world Eisaku Satō (50%): for his contribution to stabilize conditions in the Pacific rim area and for signing the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
1974	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Eyvind Johnson (50%): for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom Harry Martinson (50%): for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos
1974	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Gunnar Myrdal (50%): for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena Friedrich von Hayek (50%): for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena
1974	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Paul J. Flory (100%): for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules
1973	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Karl von Frisch (33%): for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns Konrad Lorenz (33%): for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns Nikolaas Tinbergen (33%): for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns
1973	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Leo Esaki (25%): for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively Ivar Giaever (25%): for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively Brian D. Josephson (50%): for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects
1973	The Nobel Peace Prize	Henry Kissinger (50%): for jointly having negotiated a cease fire in Vietnam in 1973 Le Duc Tho (50%): for jointly having negotiated a cease fire in Vietnam in 1973
1973	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Patrick White (100%): for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature
1973	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Wassily Leontief (100%): for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems
1973	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Ernst Otto Fischer (50%): for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds Geoffrey Wilkinson (50%): for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds
1972	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Gerald M. Edelman (50%): for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies Rodney R. Porter (50%): for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies
1972	The Nobel Prize in Physics	John Bardeen (33%): for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory Leon N. Cooper (33%): for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory Robert Schrieffer (33%): for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory
1972	The Nobel Peace Prize	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money for 1972 was allocated to the Main Fund.
1972	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Heinrich Böll (100%): for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature
1972	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	John R. Hicks (50%): for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory Kenneth J. Arrow (50%): for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory
1972	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Christian Anfinsen (50%): for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation Stanford Moore (25%): for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule William H. Stein (25%): for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule
1971	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. (100%): for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones
1971	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Dennis Gabor (100%): for his invention and development of the holographic method
1971	The Nobel Peace Prize	Willy Brandt (100%): for paving the way for a meaningful dialogue between East and West
1971	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Pablo Neruda (100%): for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams
1971	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Simon Kuznets (100%): for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development
1971	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Gerhard Herzberg (100%): for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals
1970	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Sir Bernard Katz (33%): for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation Ulf von Euler (33%): for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation Julius Axelrod (33%): for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation
1970	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Hannes Alfvén (50%): for fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydro-dynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics Louis Néel (50%): for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics
1970	The Nobel Peace Prize	Norman Borlaug (100%): for having given a well-founded hope - the green revolution
1970	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (100%): for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature
1970	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Paul A. Samuelson (100%): for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science
1970	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Luis Leloir (100%): for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates
1969	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Max Delbrück (33%): for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses Alfred D. Hershey (33%): for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses Salvador E. Luria (33%): for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses
1969	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Murray Gell-Mann (100%): for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions
1969	The Nobel Peace Prize	International Labour Organization (100%): for creating international legislation insuring certain norms for working conditions in every country
1969	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Samuel Beckett (100%): for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation
1969	The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel	Ragnar Frisch (50%): for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes Jan Tinbergen (50%): for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes
1969	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Derek Barton (50%): for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry Odd Hassel (50%): for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry
1968	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Robert W. Holley (33%): for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis H. Gobind Khorana (33%): for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis Marshall W. Nirenberg (33%): for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis
1968	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Luis Alvarez (100%): for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis
1968	The Nobel Peace Prize	René Cassin (100%): for his struggle to ensure the rights of man as stipulated in the UN Declaration
1968	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Yasunari Kawabata (100%): for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind
1968	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Lars Onsager (100%): for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes
1967	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Ragnar Granit (33%): for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye Keffer Hartline (33%): for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye George Wald (33%): for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye
1967	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Hans Bethe (100%): for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars
1967	The Nobel Peace Prize	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section.
1967	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Miguel Angel Asturias (100%): for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America
1967	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Manfred Eigen (50%): for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy Ronald G.W. Norrish (25%): for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy George Porter (25%): for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy
1966	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Peyton Rous (50%): for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses Charles B. Huggins (50%): for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer
1966	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Alfred Kastler (100%): for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms
1966	The Nobel Peace Prize	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1966	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Shmuel Agnon (50%): for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people Nelly Sachs (50%): for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength
1966	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Robert S. Mulliken (100%): for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method
1965	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	François Jacob (33%): for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis André Lwoff (33%): for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis Jacques Monod (33%): for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis
1965	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Sin-Itiro Tomonaga (33%): for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles Julian Schwinger (33%): for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles Richard P. Feynman (33%): for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles
1965	The Nobel Peace Prize	United Nations Children's Fund (100%): for its effort to enhance solidarity between nations and reduce the difference between rich and poor states
1965	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Mikhail Sholokhov (100%): for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people
1965	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Robert B. Woodward (100%): for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis
1964	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Konrad Bloch (50%): for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism Feodor Lynen (50%): for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism
1964	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Charles H. Townes (50%): for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle Nicolay G. Basov (25%): for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle Aleksandr M. Prokhorov (25%): for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle
1964	The Nobel Peace Prize	Martin Luther King Jr. (100%): for his non-violent struggle for civil rights for the Afro-American population
1964	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Jean-Paul Sartre (100%): for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age
1964	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (100%): for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances
1963	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Sir John Eccles (33%): for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane Alan Hodgkin (33%): for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane Andrew Huxley (33%): for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane
1963	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Eugene Wigner (50%): for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles Maria Goeppert Mayer (25%): for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure J. Hans D. Jensen (25%): for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure
1963	The Nobel Peace Prize	International Committee of the Red Cross (50%): for promoting the principles of the Geneva Convention and cooperation with the UN League of Red Cross Societies (50%): for promoting the principles of the Geneva Convention and cooperation with the UN
1963	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Giorgos Seferis (100%): for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture
1963	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Karl Ziegler (50%): for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers Giulio Natta (50%): for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers
1962	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Francis Crick (33%): for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material James Watson (33%): for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material Maurice Wilkins (33%): for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material
1962	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Lev Landau (100%): for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium
1962	The Nobel Peace Prize	Linus Pauling (100%): for his fight against the nuclear arms race between East and West
1962	The Nobel Prize in Literature	John Steinbeck (100%): for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception
1962	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Max F. Perutz (50%): for their studies of the structures of globular proteins John C. Kendrew (50%): for their studies of the structures of globular proteins
1961	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Georg von Békésy (100%): for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea
1961	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Robert Hofstadter (50%): for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons Rudolf Mössbauer (50%): for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name
1961	The Nobel Peace Prize	Dag Hammarskjöld (100%): for developing the UN into an effective and constructive international organization, capable of giving life to the principles and aims expressed in the UN Charter
1961	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Ivo Andrić (100%): for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country
1961	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Melvin Calvin (100%): for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants
1960	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet (50%): for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance Peter Medawar (50%): for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance
1960	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Donald A. Glaser (100%): for the invention of the bubble chamber
1960	The Nobel Peace Prize	Albert Lutuli (100%): for his non-violent struggle against apartheid
1960	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Saint-John Perse (100%): for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time
1960	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Willard F. Libby (100%): for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science
1959	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Severo Ochoa (50%): for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid Arthur Kornberg (50%): for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid
1959	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Emilio Segrè (50%): for their discovery of the antiproton Owen Chamberlain (50%): for their discovery of the antiproton
1959	The Nobel Peace Prize	Philip Noel-Baker (100%): for his longstanding contribution to the cause of disarmament and peace
1959	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Salvatore Quasimodo (100%): for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times
1959	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Jaroslav Heyrovsky (100%): for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis
1958	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	George Beadle (25%): for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events Edward Tatum (25%): for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events Joshua Lederberg (50%): for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria
1958	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Pavel A. Cherenkov (33%): for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect Il´ja M. Frank (33%): for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect Igor Y. Tamm (33%): for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect
1958	The Nobel Peace Prize	Georges Pire (100%): for his efforts to help refugees to leave their camps and return to a life of freedom and dignity
1958	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Boris Pasternak (100%): for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition
1958	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Frederick Sanger (100%): for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin
1957	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Daniel Bovet (100%): for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles
1957	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Chen Ning Yang (50%): for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles Tsung-Dao Lee (50%): for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles
1957	The Nobel Peace Prize	Lester Bowles Pearson (100%): for his crucial contribution to the deployment of a United Nations Emergency Force in the wake of the Suez Crisis
1957	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Albert Camus (100%): for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times
1957	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Lord Todd (100%): for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes
1956	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	André F. Cournand (33%): for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system Werner Forssmann (33%): for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system Dickinson W. Richards (33%): for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system
1956	The Nobel Prize in Physics	William B. Shockley (33%): for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect John Bardeen (33%): for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect Walter H. Brattain (33%): for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect
1956	The Nobel Peace Prize	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section.
1956	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Juan Ramón Jiménez (100%): for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity
1956	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Sir Cyril Hinshelwood (50%): for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions Nikolay Semenov (50%): for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions
1955	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Hugo Theorell (100%): for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes
1955	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Willis E. Lamb (50%): for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum Polykarp Kusch (50%): for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron
1955	The Nobel Peace Prize	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1955	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Halldór Laxness (100%): for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland
1955	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Vincent du Vigneaud (100%): for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone
1954	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	John F. Enders (33%): for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue Thomas H. Weller (33%): for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue Frederick C. Robbins (33%): for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue
1954	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Max Born (50%): for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction Walther Bothe (50%): for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith
1954	The Nobel Peace Prize	Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (100%): for its efforts to heal the wounds of war by providing help and protection to refugees all over the world
1954	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Ernest Hemingway (100%): for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style
1954	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Linus Pauling (100%): for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances
1953	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Hans Krebs (50%): for his discovery of the citric acid cycle Fritz Lipmann (50%): for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism
1953	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Frits Zernike (100%): for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope
1953	The Nobel Peace Prize	George C. Marshall (100%): for proposing and supervising the plan for the economic recovery of Europe
1953	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Winston Churchill (100%): for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values
1953	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Hermann Staudinger (100%): for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry
1952	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Selman A. Waksman (100%): for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis
1952	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Felix Bloch (50%): for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith E. M. Purcell (50%): for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith
1952	The Nobel Peace Prize	Albert Schweitzer (100%): for his altruism, reverence for life, and tireless humanitarian work which has helped making the idea of brotherhood between men and nations a living one
1952	The Nobel Prize in Literature	François Mauriac (100%): for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life
1952	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Archer J.P. Martin (50%): for their invention of partition chromatography Richard L.M. Synge (50%): for their invention of partition chromatography
1951	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Max Theiler (100%): for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it
1951	The Nobel Prize in Physics	John Cockcroft (50%): for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles Ernest T.S. Walton (50%): for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles
1951	The Nobel Peace Prize	Léon Jouhaux (100%): for having devoted his life to the fight against war through the promotion of social justice and brotherhood among men and nations
1951	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Pär Lagerkvist (100%): for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind
1951	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Edwin M. McMillan (50%): for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements Glenn T. Seaborg (50%): for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements
1950	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Edward C. Kendall (33%): for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects Tadeus Reichstein (33%): for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects Philip S. Hench (33%): for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects
1950	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Cecil Powell (100%): for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method
1950	The Nobel Peace Prize	Ralph Bunche (100%): for his work as mediator in Palestine in 1948-1949
1950	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Bertrand Russell (100%): in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought
1950	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Otto Diels (50%): for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis Kurt Alder (50%): for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis
1949	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Walter Hess (50%): for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs Egas Moniz (50%): for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses
1949	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Hideki Yukawa (100%): for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces
1949	The Nobel Peace Prize	Lord Boyd Orr (100%): for his lifelong effort to conquer hunger and want, thereby helping to remove a major cause of military conflict and war
1949	The Nobel Prize in Literature	William Faulkner (100%): for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel
1949	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	William F. Giauque (100%): for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures
1948	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Paul Müller (100%): for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods
1948	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Patrick M.S. Blackett (100%): for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation
1948	The Nobel Peace Prize	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section.
1948	The Nobel Prize in Literature	T.S. Eliot (100%): for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry
1948	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Arne Tiselius (100%): for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins
1947	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Carl Cori (25%): for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen Gerty Cori (25%): for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen Bernardo Houssay (50%): for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar
1947	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Edward V. Appleton (100%): for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer
1947	The Nobel Peace Prize	Friends Service Council (50%): for their pioneering work in the international peace movement and compassionate effort to relieve human suffering, thereby promoting the fraternity between nations American Friends Service Committee (50%): for their pioneering work in the international peace movement and compassionate effort to relieve human suffering, thereby promoting the fraternity between nations
1947	The Nobel Prize in Literature	André Gide (100%): for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight
1947	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Sir Robert Robinson (100%): for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids
1946	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Hermann J. Muller (100%): for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation
1946	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Percy W. Bridgman (100%): for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics
1946	The Nobel Peace Prize	Emily Greene Balch (50%): for her lifelong work for the cause of peace John R. Mott (50%): for his contribution to the creation of a peace-promoting religious brotherhood across national boundaries
1946	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Hermann Hesse (100%): for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style
1946	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	James B. Sumner (50%): for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized John H. Northrop (25%): for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form Wendell M. Stanley (25%): for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form
1945	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Sir Alexander Fleming (33%): for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases Ernst B. Chain (33%): for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases Sir Howard Florey (33%): for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases
1945	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Wolfgang Pauli (100%): for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle
1945	The Nobel Peace Prize	Cordell Hull (100%): for his indefatigable work for international understanding and his pivotal role in establishing the United Nations
1945	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Gabriela Mistral (100%): for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world
1945	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Artturi Virtanen (100%): for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method
1944	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Joseph Erlanger (50%): for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres Herbert S. Gasser (50%): for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres
1944	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Isidor Isaac Rabi (100%): for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei
1944	The Nobel Peace Prize	International Committee of the Red Cross (100%): for the great work it has performed during the war on behalf of humanity
1944	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Johannes V. Jensen (100%): for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style
1944	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Otto Hahn (100%): for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei
1943	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Henrik Dam (50%): for his discovery of vitamin K Edward A. Doisy (50%): for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K
1943	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Otto Stern (100%): for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton
1943	The Nobel Peace Prize	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section.
1943	The Nobel Prize in Literature	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section.
1943	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	George de Hevesy (100%): for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes
1942	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section.
1942	The Nobel Prize in Physics	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section.
1942	The Nobel Peace Prize	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section.
1942	The Nobel Prize in Literature	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section.
1942	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section.
1941	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section.
1941	The Nobel Prize in Physics	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section.
1941	The Nobel Peace Prize	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section.
1941	The Nobel Prize in Literature	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section.
1941	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section.
1940	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section.
1940	The Nobel Prize in Physics	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section.
1940	The Nobel Peace Prize	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section.
1940	The Nobel Prize in Literature	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section.
1940	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section.
1939	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Gerhard Domagk (100%): for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil
1939	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Ernest Lawrence (100%): for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements
1939	The Nobel Peace Prize	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section.
1939	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Frans Eemil Sillanpää (100%): for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature
1939	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Adolf Butenandt (50%): for his work on sex hormones Leopold Ruzicka (50%): for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes
1938	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Corneille Heymans (100%): for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration
1938	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Enrico Fermi (100%): for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons
1938	The Nobel Peace Prize	Nansen International Office for Refugees (100%): for having carried on the work of Fridtjof Nansen to the benefit of refugees across Europe
1938	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Pearl Buck (100%): for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces
1938	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Richard Kuhn (100%): for his work on carotenoids and vitamins
1937	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Albert Szent-Györgyi (100%): for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid
1937	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Clinton Davisson (50%): for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals George Paget Thomson (50%): for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals
1937	The Nobel Peace Prize	Robert Cecil, Viscount Cecil of Chelwood (100%): for his tireless effort in support of the League of Nations, disarmament and peace
1937	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Roger Martin du Gard (100%): for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle Les Thibault
1937	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Norman Haworth (50%): for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C Paul Karrer (50%): for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2
1936	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Sir Henry Dale (50%): for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses Otto Loewi (50%): for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses
1936	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Victor F. Hess (50%): for his discovery of cosmic radiation Carl D. Anderson (50%): for his discovery of the positron
1936	The Nobel Peace Prize	Carlos Saavedra Lamas (100%): for his role as father of the Argentine Antiwar Pact of 1933, which he also used as a means to mediate peace between Paraguay and Bolivia in 1935
1936	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Eugene O'Neill (100%): for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy
1936	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Peter Debye (100%): for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases
1935	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Hans Spemann (100%): for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development
1935	The Nobel Prize in Physics	James Chadwick (100%): for the discovery of the neutron
1935	The Nobel Peace Prize	Carl von Ossietzky (100%): for his burning love for freedom of thought and expression and his valuable contribution to the cause of peace
1935	The Nobel Prize in Literature	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section.
1935	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Frédéric Joliot (50%): in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements Irène Joliot-Curie (50%): in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements
1934	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	George H. Whipple (33%): for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia George R. Minot (33%): for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia William P. Murphy (33%): for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia
1934	The Nobel Prize in Physics	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section.
1934	The Nobel Peace Prize	Arthur Henderson (100%): for his untiring struggle and his courageous efforts as Chairman of the League of Nations Disarmament Conference 1931-34
1934	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Luigi Pirandello (100%): for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art
1934	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Harold C. Urey (100%): for his discovery of heavy hydrogen
1933	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Thomas H. Morgan (100%): for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity
1933	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Erwin Schrödinger (50%): for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory Paul A.M. Dirac (50%): for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory
1933	The Nobel Peace Prize	Sir Norman Angell (100%): for having exposed by his pen the illusion of war and presented a convincing plea for international cooperation and peace
1933	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Ivan Bunin (100%): for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing
1933	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section.
1932	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Sir Charles Sherrington (50%): for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons Edgar Adrian (50%): for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons
1932	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Werner Heisenberg (100%): for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen
1932	The Nobel Peace Prize	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1932	The Nobel Prize in Literature	John Galsworthy (100%): for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga
1932	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Irving Langmuir (100%): for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry
1931	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Otto Warburg (100%): for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme
1931	The Nobel Prize in Physics	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1931	The Nobel Peace Prize	Jane Addams (50%): for their assiduous effort to revive the ideal of peace and to rekindle the spirit of peace in their own nation and in the whole of mankind Nicholas Murray Butler (50%): for their assiduous effort to revive the ideal of peace and to rekindle the spirit of peace in their own nation and in the whole of mankind
1931	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Erik Axel Karlfeldt (100%): The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt
1931	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Carl Bosch (50%): in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods Friedrich Bergius (50%): in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods
1930	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Karl Landsteiner (100%): for his discovery of human blood groups
1930	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (100%): for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him
1930	The Nobel Peace Prize	Nathan Söderblom (100%): for promoting Christian unity and helping create 'that new attitude of mind which is necessary if peace between nations is to become reality'
1930	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Sinclair Lewis (100%): for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters
1930	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Hans Fischer (100%): for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin
1929	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Christiaan Eijkman (50%): for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin Sir Frederick Hopkins (50%): for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins
1929	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Louis de Broglie (100%): for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons
1929	The Nobel Peace Prize	Frank B. Kellogg (100%): for his crucial role in bringing about the Briand-Kellogg Pact
1929	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Thomas Mann (100%): principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature
1929	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Arthur Harden (50%): for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes Hans von Euler-Chelpin (50%): for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes
1928	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Charles Nicolle (100%): for his work on typhus
1928	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Owen Willans Richardson (100%): for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him
1928	The Nobel Peace Prize	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1928	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Sigrid Undset (100%): principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages
1928	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Adolf Windaus (100%): for the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins
1927	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Julius Wagner-Jauregg (100%): for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica
1927	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Arthur H. Compton (50%): for his discovery of the effect named after him C.T.R. Wilson (50%): for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour
1927	The Nobel Peace Prize	Ferdinand Buisson (50%): for their contribution to the emergence in France and Germany of a public opinion which favours peaceful international cooperation Ludwig Quidde (50%): for their contribution to the emergence in France and Germany of a public opinion which favours peaceful international cooperation
1927	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Henri Bergson (100%): in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented
1927	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Heinrich Wieland (100%): for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances
1926	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Johannes Fibiger (100%): for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma
1926	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Jean Baptiste Perrin (100%): for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium
1926	The Nobel Peace Prize	Aristide Briand (50%): for their crucial role in bringing about the Locarno Treaty Gustav Stresemann (50%): for their crucial role in bringing about the Locarno Treaty
1926	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Grazia Deledda (100%): for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general
1926	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	The Svedberg (100%): for his work on disperse systems
1925	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1925	The Nobel Prize in Physics	James Franck (50%): for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom Gustav Hertz (50%): for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom
1925	The Nobel Peace Prize	Sir Austen Chamberlain (50%): for his crucial role in bringing about the Locarno Treaty Charles G. Dawes (50%): for his crucial role in bringing about the Dawes Plan
1925	The Nobel Prize in Literature	George Bernard Shaw (100%): for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty
1925	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Richard Zsigmondy (100%): for his demonstration of the heterogenous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry
1924	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Willem Einthoven (100%): for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram
1924	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Manne Siegbahn (100%): for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy
1924	The Nobel Peace Prize	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1924	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Władysław Reymont (100%): for his great national epic, The Peasants
1924	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1923	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Frederick G. Banting (50%): for the discovery of insulin John Macleod (50%): for the discovery of insulin
1923	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Robert A. Millikan (100%): for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect
1923	The Nobel Peace Prize	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1923	The Nobel Prize in Literature	William Butler Yeats (100%): for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation
1923	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Fritz Pregl (100%): for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances
1922	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Archibald V. Hill (50%): for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle Otto Meyerhof (50%): for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle
1922	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Niels Bohr (100%): for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them
1922	The Nobel Peace Prize	Fridtjof Nansen (100%): for his leading role in the repatriation of prisoners of war, in international relief work and as the League of Nations' High Commissioner for refugees
1922	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Jacinto Benavente (100%): for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama
1922	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Francis W. Aston (100%): for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule
1921	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1921	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Albert Einstein (100%): for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect
1921	The Nobel Peace Prize	Hjalmar Branting (50%): for their lifelong contributions to the cause of peace and organized internationalism Christian Lange (50%): for their lifelong contributions to the cause of peace and organized internationalism
1921	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Anatole France (100%): in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament
1921	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Frederick Soddy (100%): for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes
1920	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	August Krogh (100%): for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism
1920	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Charles Edouard Guillaume (100%): in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys
1920	The Nobel Peace Prize	Léon Bourgeois (100%): for his longstanding contribution to the cause of peace and justice and his prominent role in the establishment of the League of Nations
1920	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Knut Hamsun (100%): for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil
1920	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Walther Nernst (100%): in recognition of his work in thermochemistry
1919	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Jules Bordet (100%): for his discoveries relating to immunity
1919	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Johannes Stark (100%): for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields
1919	The Nobel Peace Prize	Woodrow Wilson (100%): for his role as founder of the League of Nations
1919	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Carl Spitteler (100%): in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring
1919	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1918	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1918	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Max Planck (100%): in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta
1918	The Nobel Peace Prize	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1918	The Nobel Prize in Literature	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1918	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Fritz Haber (100%): for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements
1917	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1917	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Charles Glover Barkla (100%): for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements
1917	The Nobel Peace Prize	International Committee of the Red Cross (100%): for the efforts to take care of wounded soldiers and prisoners of war and their families
1917	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Karl Gjellerup (50%): for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals Henrik Pontoppidan (50%): for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark
1917	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1916	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1916	The Nobel Prize in Physics	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1916	The Nobel Peace Prize	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1916	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Verner von Heidenstam (100%): in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature
1916	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1915	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1915	The Nobel Prize in Physics	William Bragg (50%): for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays Lawrence Bragg (50%): for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays
1915	The Nobel Peace Prize	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1915	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Romain Rolland (100%): as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings
1915	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Richard Willstätter (100%): for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll
1914	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Robert Bárány (100%): for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus
1914	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Max von Laue (100%): for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals
1914	The Nobel Peace Prize	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1914	The Nobel Prize in Literature	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1914	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Theodore W. Richards (100%): in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements
1913	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Charles Richet (100%): in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis
1913	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (100%): for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium
1913	The Nobel Peace Prize	Henri La Fontaine (100%): for his unparalleled contribution to the organization of peaceful internationalism
1913	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Rabindranath Tagore (100%): because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West
1913	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Alfred Werner (100%): in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry
1912	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Alexis Carrel (100%): in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs
1912	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Gustaf Dalén (100%): for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys
1912	The Nobel Peace Prize	Elihu Root (100%): for bringing about better understanding between the countries of North and South America and initiating important arbitration agreements between the United States and other countries
1912	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Gerhart Hauptmann (100%): primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art
1912	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Victor Grignard (50%): for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry Paul Sabatier (50%): for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in recent years
1911	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Allvar Gullstrand (100%): for his work on the dioptrics of the eye
1911	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Wilhelm Wien (100%): for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat
1911	The Nobel Peace Prize	Tobias Asser (50%): for his role as co-founder of the Institut de droit international, initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law (Conférences de Droit international privé) at the Hague, and pioneer in the field of international legal relations Alfred Fried (50%): for his effort to expose and fight what he considers to be the main cause of war, namely, the anarchy in international relations
1911	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Maurice Maeterlinck (100%): in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations
1911	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Marie Curie (100%): in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element
1910	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Albrecht Kossel (100%): in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances
1910	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Johannes Diderik van der Waals (100%): for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids
1910	The Nobel Peace Prize	Permanent International Peace Bureau (100%): for acting as a link between the peace societies of the various countries, and helping them to organize the world rallies of the international peace movement
1910	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Paul Heyse (100%): as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories
1910	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Otto Wallach (100%): in recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds
1909	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Theodor Kocher (100%): for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland
1909	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Guglielmo Marconi (50%): in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy Ferdinand Braun (50%): in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy
1909	The Nobel Peace Prize	Auguste Beernaert (50%): for their prominent position in the international movement for peace and arbitration Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant (50%): for their prominent position in the international movement for peace and arbitration
1909	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Selma Lagerlöf (100%): in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings
1909	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Wilhelm Ostwald (100%): in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction
1908	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Ilya Mechnikov (50%): in recognition of their work on immunity Paul Ehrlich (50%): in recognition of their work on immunity
1908	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Gabriel Lippmann (100%): for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference
1908	The Nobel Peace Prize	Klas Pontus Arnoldson (50%): for their long time work for the cause of peace as politicians, peace society leaders, orators and authors Fredrik Bajer (50%): for their long time work for the cause of peace as politicians, peace society leaders, orators and authors
1908	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Rudolf Eucken (100%): in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life
1908	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Ernest Rutherford (100%): for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances
1907	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Alphonse Laveran (100%): in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases
1907	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Albert A. Michelson (100%): for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid
1907	The Nobel Peace Prize	Ernesto Teodoro Moneta (50%): for his work in the press and in peace meetings, both public and private, for an understanding between France and Italy Louis Renault (50%): for his decisive influence upon the conduct and outcome of the Hague and Geneva Conferences
1907	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Rudyard Kipling (100%): in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author
1907	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Eduard Buchner (100%): for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation
1906	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Camillo Golgi (50%): in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system Santiago Ramón y Cajal (50%): in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system
1906	The Nobel Prize in Physics	J.J. Thomson (100%): in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases
1906	The Nobel Peace Prize	Theodore Roosevelt (100%): for his role in bringing to an end the bloody war recently waged between two of the world's great powers, Japan and Russia
1906	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Giosuè Carducci (100%): not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces
1906	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Henri Moissan (100%): in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace called after him
1905	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Robert Koch (100%): for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis
1905	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Philipp Lenard (100%): for his work on cathode rays
1905	The Nobel Peace Prize	Bertha von Suttner (100%): for her audacity to oppose the horrors of war
1905	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Henryk Sienkiewicz (100%): because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer
1905	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Adolf von Baeyer (100%): in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds
1904	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Ivan Pavlov (100%): in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged
1904	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Lord Rayleigh (100%): for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies
1904	The Nobel Peace Prize	Institute of International Law (100%): for its striving in public law to develop peaceful ties between nations and to make the laws of war more humane
1904	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Frédéric Mistral (50%): in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist José Echegaray (50%): in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama
1904	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Sir William Ramsay (100%): in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system
1903	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Niels Ryberg Finsen (100%): in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science
1903	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Henri Becquerel (50%): in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity Pierre Curie (25%): in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel Marie Curie (25%): in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel
1903	The Nobel Peace Prize	Randal Cremer (100%): for his longstanding and devoted effort in favour of the ideas of peace and arbitration
1903	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson (100%): as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit
1903	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Svante Arrhenius (100%): in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation
1902	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Ronald Ross (100%): for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it
1902	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Hendrik A. Lorentz (50%): in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena Pieter Zeeman (50%): in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena
1902	The Nobel Peace Prize	Élie Ducommun (50%): for his untiring and skilful directorship of the Bern Peace Bureau Albert Gobat (50%): for his eminently practical administration of the Inter-Parliamentary Union
1902	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Theodor Mommsen (100%): the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A history of Rome
1902	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Emil Fischer (100%): in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses
1901	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	Emil von Behring (100%): for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths
1901	The Nobel Prize in Physics	Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (100%): in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him
1901	The Nobel Peace Prize	Henry Dunant (50%): for his humanitarian efforts to help wounded soldiers and create international understanding Frédéric Passy (50%): for his lifelong work for international peace conferences, diplomacy and arbitration
1901	The Nobel Prize in Literature	Sully Prudhomme (100%): in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect
1901	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Jacobus H. van 't Hoff (100%): in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions